Let's Connect
Follow Us
Watch Us
(+385) 99 251 8510
journal.prometfpz.unizg.hr
Traffic&Transportation Journal

Accelerating Discoveries in Traffic Science

Accelerating Discoveries in Traffic Science

Sign In or Register Submit

PDF
PUBLISHED
31.10.2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v36i5.616
ISSUE
2024 (Vol 36), Issue 5
LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2024 Fei-Hui HUANG
Creative Commons 4.0 logo
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Factors Influencing Sustained Use of Shared E-Scooter Services in Urban Taiwan

Authors:Fei-Hui HUANG

Abstract

This study investigates the factors that drive users to sustain their usage of shared electric scooter (e-scooter) services in Taiwan, distinguishing itself from the conventional focus on predicting consumers’ initial adoption and behavioural intentions. It employs subjective rating questions, incorporating constructs related to user acceptance, attitudes and user experience (UX). Through hierarchical regression analysis of quantitative survey data, the study identifies key factors such as users’ modes of transportation, environmental attitudes, acceptance of shared services, attitudes towards private scooters, UX, total usage instances and age. However, reliance on private scooters as a mode of transportation and frequent usage of shared e-scooters negatively impact the sustained usage of these services. The research further highlights early development challenges in shared vehicle services, including concerns over personal data security, user-unfriendly system designs, lack of convenience, inadequate parking infrastructure and ineffective financial incentives. Based on these findings, the study provides recommendations for service providers and government entities to enhance service design and proactively address these challenges. Implementing these recommendations is expected to mitigate the impact of these challenges and potentially improve user acceptance, UX, and the overall sustainability of shared vehicle services.

Keywords:environmental sustainability, sustained behavioural intention, transportation mode, shared e-scooter service, user experience

References

  1. [1] Huang WS. Active development of electric scooters in the world's three major scooter markets. ARTC; 2021. Available from: https://www.artc.org.tw/tw/knowledge/articles/13587 [Accessed 7th November 2023].
  2. [2] Tseng YC. Global electric scooter/motorcycle market analysis. IEK Net; 2021. Available from: https://ieknet.iek.org.tw/iekrpt/rpt_more.aspx?rpt_idno=917289200 [Accessed 6th November 2023].
  3. [3] MOTC (Statistics Department of Taiwan’s Ministry of Transportation and Communications). Motorcycle Usage Survey. 2021. Available from: https://srda.sinica.edu.tw/srda_freedownload.php?recid=3399&fileid=20927 [Accessed 12th September 2023].
  4. [4] Liu LZ. Project report 3: Transforming the way we move. 9th International Green and Smart Mobility Forum. Taiwan. 2022.
  5. [5] Shaheen SA, Cohen AP. Growth in worldwide carsharing: An international comparison. Transportation Research Record. 2007;1992(1):81–89. DOI: 10.3141/1992- 10.
  6. [6] Becker H, Ciari F, Axhausen KW. Measuring the car ownership impact of free-floating car-sharing – A case study in Basel, Switzerland. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2018;65:51–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.003.
  7. [7] Becker H, Ciari F, Axhausen KW. Comparing car-sharing schemes in Switzerland: User groups and usage patterns. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2017;97:17–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2017.01.004.
  8. [8] WeMo Scooter. Member rights announcement. 2022. Available from: https://www.wemoscooter.com/2022newplan [Accessed 26th January 2022].
  9. [9] Chen XR. iRent members exceed one million mark. Chinatimes. 2022. Available from: https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20220310000117-260202?chdtv [Accessed 26th January 2023].
  10. [10] Huang, SZ. Awesome! Kaohsiung's Shared Electric Bicycles Surpass One Thousand. NowNews; 2022. Available from: https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%A0%E8%AE%9A-%E9%AB%98%E5%B8%82%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E8%BB%8A%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E5%8D%83%E8%BC%9B-083019448.html [Accessed 7th May 2024].
  11. [11] Wu A. The digital strength of Taiwanese shared scooters. Taiwan Business TOPICS; 2022. Available from: https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2022/04/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E6%A9%9F%E8%BB%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E5%AF%A6%E5%8A%9B/ [Accessed 26th January 2022].
  12. [12] Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. National Statistics Bulletin (No. 161). 2022. Available from: https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/082516120USM8S5UA.pdf [Accessed 26th January 2023].
  13. [13] Change PC. Global warming of 1.5° C. World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland; 2022. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SR15_Full_Report_HR.pdf [Accessed 28th July 2023].
  14. [14] Lahariya C. The state of the world population 2007: unleashing the potential of urban growth. Indian pediatrics. 2008;45(6):481.
  15. [15] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2022 - Population. UNCTAD. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_FS11_en.pdf [Accessed on 29 January 2024].
  16. [16] United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Population Issues: Briefing Kit 2000. United Nations. New York. 2000.
  17. [17] Ahlfeldt G, Pietrostefani E, Schumann A, Matsumoto T. Demystifying compact urban growth: Evidence from 300 studies from across the world. OECD iLibrary; 2018. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/bbea8b78-en.pdf?expires=1673241923&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=4F9DBA0442914EDE7F7F3A6BFFC367C8 [Accessed 12th May 2023].
  18. [18] Graham DJ. Agglomeration, productivity and transport investment. Journal of transport economics and policy (JTEP). 2007; 41(3): 317-343.
  19. [19] Rode P, et al. Accessibility in cities: Transport and urban form. Disrupting mobility. 2017;239-273. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51602-8_15.
  20. [20] Kuramochi T, et al. Ten key short-term sectoral benchmarks to limit warming to 1.5 C. Climate Policy. 2018;18(3):287–305. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2017.1397495.
  21. [21] Oldenbroek V, Verhoef LA, Van Wijk AJ. Fuel cell electric vehicle as a power plant: Fully renewable integrated transport and energy system design and analysis for smart city areas. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42(12):8166–8196. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.155.
  22. [22] Chen HY. TrendForce: China Expects to Export 1.2 Million New Energy Vehicles in 2023. While the U.S. Plans to Continue Tightening Tariff Policies. TrendForce; 2024. Available from: https://www.trendforce.com.tw/presscenter/news/20240102-11972.html [Accessed 29th January 2024].
  23. [23] Taiwan Economic Trade Office in India. Report on the Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Market and Industry in India. Ministry of Economic Affairs; 2023. Available from: file:///C:/Users/asus/AppData/Local/Temp/MicrosoftEdgeDownloads/724d175f-0687-47b8-9a41-27b6dc8d29a8/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD%E7%A0%94%E6%9E%90%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%20(1).pdf [Accessed 29th January 2024].
  24. [24] The Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Foreign Trade. Media Analysis of India's Electric Vehicle Development Strategy. Taiwan External Trade Development Council, Republic of China; 2022. Available from: https://www.taitra.org.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=104&s=50235# [Accessed 29th January 2024].
  25. [25] Corporate Announcement, Vietnam actively promotes the electric vehicle industry. offering a subsidy of $1,000 per vehicle. Reccessary. https://www.reccessary.com/zh-tw/news/vn-announcement/vietnam-to-propose-usd-1000-for-ev-purchases-to-advance-industry [Accessed 29 January 2024].
  26. [26] Corporate Announcement, Indonesia's Electric Vehicle Industry Gears Up. Market Size Set to Reach $20 Billion. Reccessary; 2023. Available from: https://www.reccessary.com/zh-tw/news/announcement/indonesia-ev-revolution-on-the-rise-with-20-billion-market-size [Accessed 29th January 2024].
  27. [27] Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Indonesia. Special Report: Overview of Indonesia's Sustainable Development Goals and Electric Vehicle Development. Ministry of Economic Affairs; 2023. Available from: https://newsouthboundpolicy.trade.gov.tw/Files/Pages/Attaches/2157/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99%E5%8F%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81.pdf [Accessed 29th January 2024].
  28. [28] Sultan Z, Tini NH, Moeinaddini M. Exploring the implementation and success of green urban mobility in Asian cities. Planning Malaysia. 2016;(4). DOI: 10.21837/pm.v14i4.166.
  29. [29] Newman P. Kenworthy J. The end of automobile dependence. In The end of automobile dependence (pp. 201-226). Island Press, Washington, DC. 2015.
  30. [30] Van Wee B. Peak car: The first signs of a shift towards ICT-based activities replacing travel? A discussion paper. Transport Policy. 2015;42:1–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.04.002.
  31. [31] Mittal S, Dai H, Shukla PR. Low carbon urban transport scenarios for China and India: A comparative assessment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2016;44:266–276. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.04.002.
  32. [32] Li L, Loo BP. Railway development and air patronage in China, 1993–2012: Implications for low‐carbon transport. Journal of Regional Science. 2017;57(3):507–522. DOI: 10.1111/jors.12276.
  33. [33] Colenbrander S, et al. Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India. Environment and Urbanization. 2017;29(1):139–158. DOI: 10.1177/095624781667777.
  34. [34] Geels FW. Regime resistance against low-carbon transitions: introducing politics and power into the multi-level perspective. Theory, culture & society. 2014;31(5):21–40. DOI: 10.1177/02632764145316.
  35. [35] Bakker S, et al. Low-carbon transport policy in four ASEAN countries: Developments in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Sustainability. 2017;9(7):1217. DOI: 10.3390/su9071217.
  36. [36] Shaheen S. Cohen A. Innovative mobility car sharing outlook: Market overview, analysis and trends. Berkeley: Transportation Sustainability Research Centre, University of California; 2020. Available from: https://escholarship.org/content/qt9jh432pm/qt9jh432pm.pdf [Accessed 27th September 2023].
  37. [37] Shaheen S, Cohen A. Shared ride services in North America: definitions, impacts, and the future of pooling. Transport reviews. 2019;39(4):427–442. DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2018.1497728.
  38. [38] Smith G, Sochor J, Karlsson IM. Mobility as a Service: Development scenarios and implications for public transport. Research in transportation economics. 2018;69:592–599. DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2018.04.001.
  39. [39] Venkatesh V, Morris MG, Davis GB, Davis FD. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly. 2003;425–478. DOI: 10.2307/30036540.
  40. [40] Venkatesh V, Thong JYL, Xu X. Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: A synthesis and the road ahead. J. Assoc. Inf. Syst. 2016;17(5):328–376. DOI: 10.17705/1jais.00428.
  41. [41] Venkatesh V, Thong JY, Xu X. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS quarterly. 2012;157–178. DOI: 10.2307/41410412.
  42. [42] Ajzen I, Fishbein M. A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes. Psychological bulletin. 1975;82(2):261. DOI: 10.1037/h0076477.
  43. [43] Bhattacherjee A. Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model. MIS quarterly. 2001;351–370. DOI: 10.2307/3250921.
  44. [44] Müller JM. Comparing technology acceptance for autonomous vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and car sharing—A study across Europe, China, and North America. Sustainability. 2019;11(16): 4333. DOI: 10.3390/su11164333.
  45. [45] Curtale R, Liao F, van der Waerden P. User acceptance of electric car-sharing services: The case of the Netherlands. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2021;149:266–282. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2021.05.006.
  46. [46] Nordhoff S, Kyriakidis M, Van Arem B, Happee R. A multi-level model on automated vehicle acceptance (MAVA): A review-based study. Theoretical issues in ergonomics science. 2019;20(6):682–710. DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2019.1621406.
  47. [47] Etminani-Ghasrodashti R, Kermanshachi S, Rosenberger JM. Foss A. Exploring motivating factors and constraints of using and adoption of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs). Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 2023; 18: 100794. DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2023.100794.
  48. [48] Helveston JP, Liu Y, Feit EM, Fuchs E, Klampfl E, Michalek JJ. Will subsidies drive electric vehicle adoption? Measuring consumer preferences in the US and China. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2015; 73: 96-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2015.01.002.
  49. [49] Dichabeng P, Merat N, Markkula G. Factors that influence the acceptance of future shared automated vehicles–A focus group study with United Kingdom drivers. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behavior. 2021;82:121–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.08.009.
  50. [50] Ullah I, Liu K, Vanduy T. Examining travelers’ acceptance towards car sharing systems — Peshawar City, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2019;11(3):808. DOI: 10.3390/su11030808.
  51. [51] Coertjens L, Boeve-de Pauw J, De Maeyer S, Van Petegem P. Do schools make a difference in their students’ environmental attitudes and awareness? Evidence from Pisa 2006. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education. 2010;8:497–522. DOI: 10.1007/s10763-010-9200-0.
  52. [52] Asadi S, et al. Drivers and barriers of electric vehicle usage in Malaysia: A DEMATEL approach. Resource, Conservation & Recycling. 2022;177:105965. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105965.
  53. [53] Burghard U, Scherrer A. Sharing vehicles or sharing rides-Psychological factors influencing the acceptance of carsharing and ridepooling in Germany. Energy Policy. 2022;164:112874. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112874.
  54. [54] Efthymiou D, Antoniou C, Waddell P. Factors affecting the adoption of vehicle sharing systems by young drivers. Transport policy. 2013;29:64–73. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.04.009.
  55. [55] Kaur K, Rampersad G. Trust in driverless cars: Investigating key factors influencing the adoption of driverless cars. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. 2018;48:87–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jengtecman.2018.04.006.
  56. [56] Sener IN, Zmud J, Williams T. Measures of baseline intent to use automated vehicles: A case study of Texas cities. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behavior. 2019;62:66–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2018.12.014.
  57. [57] Mulley C. Mobility as a Services (MaaS)–does it have critical mass? Transport reviews. 2017;37(3):247–251. DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2017.1280932.
  58. [58] Stradling SG, Meadows ML, Beatty S. Helping drivers out of their cars Integrating transport policy and social psychology for sustainable change. Transport policy. 2000;7(3):207–215. DOI: 10.1016/S0967-070X(00)00026-3.
  59. [59] Graham-Rowe E, Skippon S, Gardner B. Abraham C. Can we reduce car use and, if so, how? A review of available evidence. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2011;45(5):401–418. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2011.02.001.
  60. [60] Hayes ER, Darkenwald GG. Attitudes toward adult education: An empirically-based conceptualization. Adult Educ. Q. 1990;40:158–168. DOI: 10.1177/0001848190040003004.
  61. [61] Dawson KP. Attitude and assessment in nurse education. J. Adv. Nurs. 1992;17:473–479. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01932.x.
  62. [62] Eagly AH, Chaiken S. The Psychology of Attitudes; Harcourt brace Jovanovich college publishers: San Diego, CA, USA, 1993.
  63. [63] Schniederjans DG, Starkey CM. Intention and willingness to pay for green freight transportation: An empirical examination. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2014;31:116–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2014.05.024.
  64. [64] Adu-Gyamfi G, et al. Who will adopt? Investigating the adoption intention for battery swap technology for electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2022;156:111979. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111979.
  65. [65] Mitchell AA, Olson JC. Are product attribute beliefs the only mediator of advertising effects on brand attitude? Journal of marketing research. 1981;18(3):318–332. DOI: 10.1177/002224378101800.
  66. [66] Solomon RC. True to our feelings: what our emotions are really telling us. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. 2008.
  67. [67] Yuen KF, Huyen DTK, Wang X, Qi G. Factors influencing the adoption of shared autonomous vehicles. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020;17(13):4868. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134868.
  68. [68] Benyon D. Designing user experience, Pearson UK. 2019.
  69. [69] Hartmann J, De Angeli A, Sutcliffe A. Framing the user experience: information biases on website quality judgement. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. April 2008; 855-864.
  70. [70] Hassenzahl M. The interplay of beauty, goodness, and usability in interactive products. Human–Computer Interaction. 2004;19(4):319–349. DOI: 10.1207/s15327051hci1904_2.
  71. [71] Van der Heijden H. Factors influencing the usage of websites: the case of a generic portal in The Netherlands. Information & management. 2003;40(6):541–549. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7206(02)00079-4.
  72. [72] Hekkert P, Leder H. Product aesthetics. Product experience. 2008;259-285.
  73. [73] Tractinsky N, Katz AS, Ikar D. What is beautiful is usable. Interacting with computers. 2000;13(2):127–145. DOI: 10.1016/S0953-5438(00)00031-X.
  74. [74] Douneva M, Haines RP. Thielsch MT. Effects of interface aesthetics on team performance in a virtual task. In ECIS. May 2015.
  75. [75] Hair Jr JF, Sarstedt M, Matthews LM. Ringle CM. Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: part I–method. European business review. 2016;28(1):63–76.
  76. [76] Daoud JI. Multicollinearity and regression analysis. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing. December 2017;949(1):012009.
  77. [77] Jittrapirom P, Marchau V, van der Heijden R, Meurs H. Future implementation of mobility as a service (MaaS): Results of an international Delphi study. Travel Behaviour and Society. 2020;21:281–294. DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2018.12.004.
  78. [78] Zhang X, Bai X, Shang J. Is subsidized electric vehicles adoption sustainable: Consumers’ perceptions and motivation toward incentive policies, environmental benefits, and risks. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;192(10):71–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.252.
  79. [79] Robinson D. Mobility as a service: segmenting preferences for transport usership. Unpublished master’s thesis, Diepenbeek, Belgium: University of Hasselt. https://doclib. uhasselt. be/dspace/bitstream/1942/27125/1/c44f3fee-59bc-40a1-9688-525a36b8db53. pdf [Accessed 24 September 2023].
  80. [80] Curtale R, Liao F, Rebalski E. Transitional behavioral intention to use autonomous electric car-sharing services: Evidence from four European countries. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2022;135:103516. DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2021.103516.
  81. [81] Li Y, Voege T. Mobility as a service (MaaS): Challenges of implementation and policy required. Journal of transportation technologies. 2017;7(2):95–106. DOI: 10.4236/jtts.2017.72007.
  82. [82] Dingil AE, Esztergár-Kiss D. The influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on mobility patterns: The first wave’s results. Transportation Letters. 2021;13(5-6):434–446. DOI: 10.1080/19427867.2021.1901011.
  83. [83] Basu R, Ferreira J. Can increased accessibility from emerging mobility services create a car-lite future? Evidence from Singapore using LUTI microsimulation. Transportation Letters. 2022;14(4):332–338. DOI: 10.1080/19427867.2020.1731993.
Show more

SPECIAL ISSUE CALL

Innovation and New Technologies in Transport and Logistics

Guest Editor: Eleonora Papadimitriou, PhD

Editors: Dario Babić, PhD; Marko Matulin, PhD; Marko Ševrović, PhD.

RECENT PAPERS

Browse through the selection of our recent research
Risk Analysis of Level Crossing Element Failures in a Fuzzy EnvironmentOptimising the Economic Feasibility of High-Speed Maglev Systems: A Simulation-Based Approach for Variable and Parameter AnalysisBibliometric Analysis of Traffic Accident Prediction Studies from 2003 to 2023: Trends, Patterns and Future DirectionsA Study on the Impact of Overtaking Lane-Changing Behaviour in Expressway Interchange Weaving Areas

Accelerating Discoveries in Traffic Science |
2024 © Promet - Traffic&Transportation journal