Environmental Impacts of Introducing LNG as Alternative Fuel for Urban Buses – Case Study in Slovakia

Martin Jurkovič
University of Zilina, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communication

Tomáš Kalina
University of Zilina, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communication

Tomáš Skrúcaný
University of Zilina, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communication

Piotr Gorzelanczyk
Stanislaw Staszic University of Applied Sciences in Pila

Vladimír Ľupták
Faculty of Technology, Institute of Technology and Business in Ceske Budejovice

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to assess the possibility of decreasing the chosen environmental indicators like energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) production and other exhaust pollutants in the selected region in Slovakia by introducing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) buses into bus transport. The assessment is carried out by comparing the consumption and emissions of current buses (EURO 2) in real operation, with potential buses (EURO 6) and with pilot LNG buses testing on the same lines. Comparison took place under the same conditions over the same period. The study measures the energy consumption and GHG production per bus. The research paper also compares two methodologies of calculation. The first calculation is according to the European Standard EN 16258: 2012 which specifies the general methodology for evaluation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions (all services - cargo, passengers or both). The second calculation is according to the Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA). The results of the calculation are compared  by both methods, and the most suitable version of the bus in terms of GHG emissions is proposed.